How do enzymes promote chemical reactions?

Enzymes play a crucial role in facilitating chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for those reactions to occur. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to convert into products. By lowering this barrier, enzymes make it easier for the reaction to proceed, which significantly increases the rate of the reaction without altering the equilibrium of the reaction itself or being consumed in the process.

This function allows biological processes to occur at a faster rate and under milder conditions than would otherwise be possible, which is essential for life. Enzymes achieve this through various mechanisms, such as stabilizing the transition state or properly orienting substrates, which leads to a decreased energy requirement for the reaction to proceed.

The other choices do not accurately reflect how enzymes function. Substrates are the molecules upon which enzymes act, not something that enzymes can mimic. Increasing temperature can speed up reactions due to higher kinetic energy but is not a mechanism directly related to enzyme action. Enzymes often do participate in temporary interactions but do not typically form permanent covalent bonds with substrates in a way that would define their primary role. The key takeaway is that the ability of enzymes to lower activation energy is fundamental to their role in enhancing the speed and efficiency of biochemical reactions.