What is the process called when a molecule splits into smaller molecules or ions?

The process where a molecule splits into smaller molecules or ions is known as dissociation. This commonly occurs in solutions when ionic compounds dissolve in water, leading to the separation of ions. For example, when sodium chloride (table salt) dissolves in water, it dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions. This is a key concept in chemistry as it helps in understanding reactions in solutions and the behavior of substances when they interact with solvents.

Condensation refers to the process where two molecules combine to form a larger one while losing a small molecule, typically water, which is relevant in the formation of larger biological macromolecules but is not related to the splitting of molecules. Synthesis involves the combining of two or more simple substances to create a more complex substance, which is the opposite of splitting. Polymerization is the process by which small molecules, called monomers, chemically bond to form larger chains known as polymers. While these processes are vital in chemistry and biology, they do not specifically describe the splitting action inherent in dissociation.